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Raskifa famous son to be honoured

Once again we are please to feature another famous son of Zgharta Zawie, this time of the village of Raskifa. He is the world-renowned immunologist/virologist, Professor Georges Bahr, who will be receiving on 25th November 2005 a special medal from the Raskifa Municipal Council and the Municipal Union of Zgharta Zawie. The occasion is to celebrate both the Professor’s lifetime achievements and the bestowing last month of the Laureate of the Euroscience 2004 Rammal Award.

The Professor told zgharta.com that he is looking forward to his visit to the village of his birth where he still has some relatives living there. He says that because of the pressures of modern day living he does not return as often as he would wish. As a young boy, he says, he never thought that one day his village would be holding a ceremony in his honour. It will be a very emotional day for him, he says.

The village of Raskifa is very old, some estimates being that it has been inhabited since early Canaanite times. There are remnants of Byzantine and Crusader times, parts of which are found in the remaining entrance apse of St Elias’s Church. There are many tombs carved into the rock face of the mountain. A human tooth believed to be some 4,000 years old has been found in a nearby cave. The village is some 360 metres above sea level standing on top of the mountain slopes, where it derives its name. It is some 160 kilometres from Beirut and 8-10 km from Zgharta.

Professor Bahr was born 1951 at Raskifa to Michel and Maria (née Nehmeh) Bahr. His early schooling was at the Tripoli Evangelical School, Tripoli (1958-1968) and the International College, Beirut (1968-1969). Going to university, he was awarded a B.Sc in Chemistry-Biology by the American University of Beirut in 1973 followed by an M.Sc in Parasitology in 1975. He then went to England to undertake his PhD in Microbiology (Immunology), which he received in 1980 from the University of London. He pursued clinical laboratory work in medical microbiology and immunology over many years, and he became a Fellow of the Royal College of Pathologists in 1996.

He married Marie Therese Saleh from Mina, Tripoli and they have one son, Michel, who was born in Paris. They lived in France for many years returning to live permanently in Lebanon in 2004. The Professor and his wife live in Kousba, Al Koura.

He is at present, Professor of Virology and Immunology at the Balamand University, Lebanon. During his distinguished career he has held many high posts, including various posts at the Institut Pasteur de Lille. He was Director of Research and Director of the mixed Laboratoies of Molecular Immunology of Infection and Inflammation from 2000 to 2003, Head of the HIV programme at Pasteur-Lille from 1996-2000, and scientific Director of the Pasteur-based Biotechnology ISTAC SA from 1998-2004. He co-ordinated a vaccination program against tuberculosis in Lebanon (1980-1985). The Professor says that his research work has been focused on the immunology and on possibilities of immunotherapy of infectious diseases: tuberculosis, leprosy, rheumatic fever, hepatitis C, HIV. He is the inventor or co-inventor on 19 patents worldwide, and the drug produced from his research efforts is now being assessed in patients for the immunotherapy of HIV and hepatitis C infections.

A full résumé of his career can be found at the end of this article.

The Rammal Award, which the Professor received last month, is named after another famous Lebanese, physicist Rammal Rammal (1951-1991). The Award which since 1999 is administered by Euroscience, who states that,“The medal is awarded each year to an outstanding personality of strong scientific stature from one of the Mediterranean countries, who, through his life and activity (whether in fundamental or applied research, teaching, or the integration of knowledge), has elevated scientific exchanges in this part of the world, rich with ancient tradition. The Award can also be shared by several recipients, and/or awarded to an organisation”.

It also says “Scientists of all disciplines may suggest names of nominees. Active scientists from any disciplinary background, including exact sciences, social sciences and humanities, are eligible. Organisations supporting similar objectives are also eligible, as well.”

The below photograph shows Professor Bahr (on the left) with Professor Connerade, President of Euroscience, at the Rammal Award ceremony on 6th September 2005.

Professor Georges Bahr résumé

Academic Qualifications

1.Ph.D.in Microbiology (Immunology) awarded in July 1980 by the University of London, Middlesex Hospital Medical School, London, U.K.
2.M.Sc.in Parasitology awarded in October 1975 by the American University of Beirut, Lebanon.
3.B.Sc.in Chemistry-Biology awarded in July 1973 by the American University of Beirut, Lebanon.

Professional Qualifications

FRCPath. in Medical Microbiology/Immunology awarded in 1996 by the Royal College of Pathologists, London, U.K.

Positions Held
1.June 1998 – December 2003
Director of Research and since January 2000, Director of the mixed laboratories of “Molecular Immunology of Infection and Inflammation” at the Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 rue du Professeur Calmette – 59019 Lille – France.
2.April 1998 – May 2002
Scientific Director of ISTAC Biotech, Campus of the Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 rue du Professeur Calmette, 59019 Lille – France.
3.May 1996 – March 1998
Chef de Service and Head of Integrated Research Program on HIV/AIDS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 rue du Professeur Calmette, 59019 Lille - France.
4.January 1995 - February 1996
Director of Research, Vacsyn Biotech., 33 Boulevard du Général Martial Valin - 75015 Paris.
5.December 1992 - December 1994
Assistant Director for Research and Development, Vacsyn Biotech., 33 Boulevard du General Martial Valin - 75015 Paris - France.
6.October 1992 – June 1994
Consultant immunologist to Sandoz Research Institute, Brunner Straße 59, A-1235 Vienna - Austria.
7.April 1991 - September 1992
Head of Program at Sandoz Research Institute, Brunner Straße 59, A-1235 Vienna - Austria.
8.October 1990 - March 1991
Visiting Scientist at Hôpital Laribosière, Unité 150 at National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), 75010 Paris - France.
9.December 1985 - August 1990
Associate Professor of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait.
10.October 1984 - December 1985
Assistant Professor of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait.
11.October 1984 - August 1990
Consultant Immunologist to the Kuwaiti Ministry of Public Health in charge of Diagnostic Cellular Immunology, Kuwait.
12.July 1986 - July 1988
Vice President for Predevelopment and member of the Board of Directors of Vacsyn Inc., Tampa, Florida, U.S.A.
13.October 1982 - October 1984
Consultant Immunologist to Choay Laboratories, 76 Avenue Théophile Gautier, 75016 Paris - France.
14.December 1980 - October 1984
Scientist at the Institut Pasteur, Department of Immunotherapie Expérimentale, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15 - France.
15.July 1980 - June 1985 Coordinator of a vaccination program against tuberculosis in Lebanon. A 5 year collaborative program between the Middlesex Hospital Medical School, the American University of Beirut and the Lebanese Ministry of Public Health.
16.July 1980 - December 1980
Post-doctoral Research Fellow at the Middlesex Hospital Medical School, Department of Microbiology, Riding House Street, London WIP - U.K.
17.October 1976 - September 1978
Teaching and Research Instructor in Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University - Iran.

Conferences and Academic Societies

A.Invitation to International Conferences :
1.June 1984, New Hampshire, U.S.A. : Invited speaker at the Gordon Research Conference on "Systems of drug delivery".
2. April 1985, Anaheim, California, U.S.A. :Invited speaker at the spring meeting of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology for the Symposium on "Muramyl peptides as modulators of sleep, temperature and immune responses".
3.March 1986, Kuwait : Invited speaker at the International Symposium on "Immune problems in cancer".
4.February 1986, Kuwait :Co-chairman of a workshop on Laboratory Diagnosis of AIDS at the "Kuwait First International Conference on AIDS".
5.March 1987, Kuwait : Chairman of Scientific Session on Mycobacterial Diseases at the "Third Kuwait International Medical Sciences Conference on Infectious Diseases in Developing Countries". 6. February 1988, Kuwait : Co-chairman of scientific session on "Clinical Management and Vaccines" at the "Kuwait Second International Conference on AIDS".
7. March 1989, Islamabad, Pakistan : Invited speaker at the "Six International Rheumatic Fever/Heart Disease Seminar".
8. May 1994, Prague, Czech Republic : Invited speaker and chairman of scientific workshop at the "Sixth International Conference on Immunopharmacology".
9. May 1997, Berlin, Germany. Invited speaker and chairman of scientific workshop at the “First European Conference of Immunopharmacology” 10. October 1999, Chicago, USA.
Invited speaker at the “Conference on immune restoration in HIV disease”
11. May 2000, Baltimore, USA. Invited participant in the round table session on parameters of immune restoration at the “Second Conference on Immune Reconstitution and Surrogate Markers in HIV/AIDS”.
12. May 2001, Lille, France Invited speaker at the “ Regional Conference on Virology”.
13. December 2002, Singapore Invited speaker and Chairman of plenary session at the “World Congress on Immunopharmacology”.
14. September 2003, Beirut, Lebanon Invited Speaker at the “Second International Congress on Gastroenterology”.
15. May 2004, Moscow, Russia Invited speaker and chairman of plenary session at the “Second World Congress on Immunopathology.

B. Membership in Academic Societies :

1979 : British Society for Immunology
1982 : International Society of Immunopharmacology
1983 : New York Academy of Sciences
1988 : Australian Society for Immunology
1996 : International Cytokine Society
1999 : International society for Interferon and Cytokine Research
2000 : American Society for Microbiology

International Awards

Laureat of the 2004 Rammal Medal for Medical Sciences awarded in April 2005 by the EUROSCIENCE organization.

Teaching Activities

I.Undergraduate Level :
1984-1990 :Lecturer and coordinator of the Medical Immunology course for second year preclinical students.
October 2003: Visiting professor at Balamand University Medical School giving complete Medical Virology course to second year preclinical students.
II. Postgraduate Level :
1985-1990 :Lecturer and coordinator of the Basic Immunology course for M.Sc.students.
1987-1989 :Lecturer and coordinator of a Clinical Immunology course for M.Sc.students.
1988-1989 :Lecturer and coordinator of a course in Diagnostic Techniques in Immunology for M.Sc. students.
1985-1990 :Supervisor/co-supervisor of M.Sc. theses for one to two students per year.
1985-1990 :Lecturer of the Immunology Sections for specialization programs in MRCpath, MRCOG, Pediatrics and Nuclear Medicine.
1991-1993 :Supervisor of one Ph.D. thesis submitted to the university of Vienna -Austria.
1993-1996 :Supervisor of one Ph.D. thesis submitted to university of Paris VI, France.
1996-1999 :Supervisor of one Ph.D. thesis submitted to university of Lille 1, France.
1997-2000 :Lecturer on the course “Bacterial pathogenesis” offered by the Pasteur Institute in Lille to physicians and post-doctoral fellows.
2002-2003:Supervisor of DEA thesis submitted to University of Lille 1.

Clinical Laboratory Practice

1984-1990: Head of the diagnostic Cellular Immunology laboratory at Mubarak teaching Hospital in Kuwait.
1986-1990:In Charge of the cellular immunology evaluations at the WHO AIDS reference center for the Eastern Mediterranean region based at Kuwait Medical School.

Research Grants Awarded

Grant MI 029 on "Feasibility study for production of human monoclonal antibodies against streptococcal antigens" (1984-1985). Position held : Principal Investigator.
Grant MI 030 on "The mechanism of action and modulation of the immune response by the synthetic adjuvant MDP" (1985-1987). Position held : Principal Investigator.
Grant MI 042 on "Studies on immunoprophylaxis and immunotherapy of tuberculosis" (1985-1988). Position held : Principal Investigator.
Grant MI 042 on "Polyclonal and monoclonal B and T cellular responses in rheumatic fever" (1987-1990). Position held : Principal Investigator.
Grant MI 054 on "Humoral and cellular responses to ARC-5 antigen of patients with cystic hydatid diesease" (1988-1991). Position held : Co-Investigator.
Grant MI 024 on "Mechanism of action of IL-1 on islet cells and beta cell lines" (1989-1992). Position held : Co-Investigator.
Grant MM 025 on "Isolation and characterization of biologically active components of streptococci and their role in the pathogenesis of post streptococcal sequelae" (1989-1992). Position held : Principal Investigator.
Grant MI 060 on "Monoclonal antibodies to specific epitopes of E. granulosus for the use in the immunodiagnosis of hydatid disease" (1990-1992). Position held : Principal Investigator.
Grant from ANRS on “Cloning and expression of human IL-16 and MIP-1 alpha” (1996). Position held: Principal Investigator.
Grant from Fondation de Recherche Médicale on “Immunotherapeutic approach in AIDS using killed M. vaccae vaccine” (1996-1997). Position held: Principal Investigator.
Grant from Fondation de Recherche Medicale on « Characterization of HIV-1 coreceptors using experimental and molecular modeling approaches” (1997-1998). Position held: Principal Investigator.
Grant from SR Pharma in London on “” Evaluation of immunotherapy with M. vaccae in HIV-1 patients on the process of immune reconstitution” (1997-1999). Position held: Principal investigator.
Grant from ANRS on “Immune and anti-HIV activities of human IL-16 and MIP-1 alpha” (1997-1998). Position held: Principal Investigator.
Grant from ANRS on “DNA immunization with multiple HIV genes” (1997-1999). Position held: co-investigator.
Grant from ANVAR on “Anti-HIV activity of the synthetic immunomodulator Murabutide associated with the therapeutic cytokine interleukin-2” (1998-2000). Position held: Principal Investigator.
Grant from STOP SIDA on “Immune reconstitution with antiretroiviral therapy” (1998-1999). Position held: Principal Investigator.
Grant from ANRS on “Identificatin of new genes regulated by the immunomodulator Murabutide and implicated in the control of HIV replication” (1999). Position held: Principal Investigator.
Grant from STOP SIDA on “Analysis of cytokine profile in HIV-1 patients receiving Murabutide Immunotherapy” (2000). Position held: Principal Investigator.
Grant from European Funds for Regional Development on “ Identification of genes implicated in the biological effects of synthetic immunomodulators” ( 2000-2001). Position held: Principal Investigator.
Grant from ANRS on “ Identification of cellular factors implicated in the HIV-suppressive activity of Murabutide” (2002). Position held: co-investigator.
Grant from European Funds for regional Development on “ Identification of genes implicated in the pathogenesis of HIV and Prion infections: the VIPRION project” (2002-2003). Position held: Principal investigator.

Major Research Interest

My research interest has been mainly concentrated on the immunology of infectious diseases. For many years, I have worked on mycobacterial infections to define the immune responses associated with protection against such infections. Following the characterization of immune responsiveness to various mycobacterial antigens in BCG vaccinated healthy individuals and in patients with either tuberculosis or leprosy, we moved on to attempt new approaches in the immunoprophylaxis and immunotherapy of tuberculosis. The results of these studies have been extremely encouraging and have contributed, as essential elements, to the development of a new immunotherapeutic vaccine which is currently undergoing phase III trials. During the years spent at the Medical School in Kuwait, I have developed an interest in rheumatic fever/rheumatic heart disease. We attempted to characterize the profile of immune responses of such patients to streptococcal antigens. In addition, we examined the responses to bacterial and to human heat shock proteins and the incidence of agalactosyl IgG in rheumatic patients. Furthermore, we were able to demonstrate a non-HLA association with rheumatic fever which was linked to the possession of one allele coding for vitamin D binding proteins. During this period, we have also pursued our work with the new immunotherapeutic mycobacterial vaccine (killed M. vaccae) and performed the first clinical trial which demonstrated the potential benefit of this vaccine in patients with tuberculosis.
Another field of my interest has been synthetic immunomodulators. I had worked for four years on this topic at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, and had contributed to the understanding of the mechanism of action of one such family of synthetic compounds, the muramyl peptides. We were able to characterize the anti-tumor activity, the immunogenicity and the mechanism of adjuvant effect of muramyl peptides. We generated monoclonal antibodies to the parent molecule, MDP, and used these monoclonals to modulate and target the delivery of these immunostimulants in vivo. Since 1990, I have resumed my work on muramyl peptides and on understanding the ways by which they can affect IgE responses. Profiling cytokines, at the molecular level, induced by selected members of this family of immunomodulators constituted the major part of this work. We have evaluated the effects of oral administration of muramyl peptides on gut associated lymphoid tissues with respect to cytokine induction, changes in cell surface markers and in lymphocyte responsiveness. We have developed mouse models to study IgE down-regulation, and correlated that with suppression of TH2 cytokines in Peyer's patches, the site of early synthesis of IgE. This approach was then adopted by a pharmaceutical industry with the aim of developing orally active synthetic immunomodulators capable of suppressing ongoing IgE responses. In the first half of the Nineties, I have also focused my research activity on finding means for enhancing the limited therapeutic efficacy of recombinant human cytokines used in the treatment of difficult diseases such as hepatitis C virus infection and tumors. We have brought forward the concept of combination therapy, using an endogenous immunomodulator (such as a cytokine) together with an exogenous immunomodulator (such as a synthetic muramyl peptide), in order to achieve a higher therapeutic index. The concept was based on the notion of supplementing the specific effects of a cytokine by co-activating elements of innate immunity that are essential for generating protective responses against intracellular infections and tumors. For several years, we have developed in vitro and in vivo systems which demonstrated synergistic effects between human therapeutic cytokines, in particular interferon-alpha or interleukin 2, and a selected muramyl peptide namely Murabutide. This latter was chosen from a family of over 200 synthetic derivatives based on our earlier work indicating the ability of this immunomodulator to exert desirable immunopharmacological effects in the absence of detectable toxicity. On the basis of a highly solid evidence of biological synergy between Murabutide and interferon-alpha, we have then evaluated the clinical tolerance of the simultaneous administration of the 2 compounds in healthy volunteers. Once the safety had been established, this combination therapy approach was then extended to patients chronically infected with hepatitis C virus. Following two Phase I studies which were carried out at the Hepatology Department of Necker Hospital in Paris, a phase II multi-centric study is currently ongoing, involving 10 major hospital centers in France, and is aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of different dosages of Murabutide, as adjunct to the current standard therapy of pegylated interferon-alpha and ribavirin, in the treatment of hepatitic C patients infected with genotype 1. In addition, a second trial, sponsored by the ANRS, will soon be starting at the national level to evaluate the efficacy of this triple therapy approach in the management of patients co-infected with HIV and hepatitis C, and who had been non-responders to a prior bitherapy with interferon-alpha and ribavirin.
My research interest in the HIV domain started by identifying, from a battery of synthetic adjuvants, one molecule [MDP-(thr)-GDP] possessing immunoadjuvant activity but lacking the ability to activate the cellular transcription factor NF-KB implicated in enhancing viral replication. This prototype adjuvant was searched for inclusion in potential vaccines against HIV. In parallel, I was also involved in the work that lead to the identification of initiation factor 5A as the cellular co-factor necessary for HIV-1 Rev function. Then, at the Pasteur Institute in Lille (1996), I have established an integrated multidisciplinary research program on HIV including basic and clinical research. The aims of the program were to develop vaccination strategies using multiple viral antigens, either in recombinant live vectors or as naked DNAs, and to characterize cellular factors with suppressive effects on HIV replication. In addition, and since April 1998, we have embarked on a novel immunotherapeutic strategy for the treatment of HIV infection. We have advanced the concept of non specific immunotherapy as adjunct to the current unsatisfying treatment with antiretrovirals. We have proposed that in order to achieve long lasting virus control, and possibly virus eradication, highly active antiretroviral therapy needs to be accompanied by correcting the well documented virus-induced defects in innate immunity, through the use of non-specific immunomodulators. We have chosen the safe immunomodulator Murabutide as a potential candidate, and we have provided the evidence on its capacity to activate the innate immune system and to improve antigen presentation. This was followed by a series of studies where we demonstrated the ability of Murabutide to dramatically suppress HIV replication in acutely infected primary macrophages and dendritic cells, in endogenously infected lymphocytes obtained from HIV patients, and in the HIV-infected hu-PBL-SCID mouse model. We were able to link the observed effects on viral replication with the ability of Murabutide to regulate the expression of cellular factors needed for the nuclear transport of proviral integration complex and for virus transcription. These pre-clinical data allowed us to obtain ethical approval to evaluate the safety and the efficacy of non-specific immunotherapy with Murabutide in the management of HIV patients. Four clinical trials were conducted between 1999 and 2002, on a total of 90 HIV-1 patients, at Tourcoing Hospital Center in northern France. Collectively, these clinical studies clearly established the safety of Murabutide administration in HIV-infected subjects. Moreover, several markers of immune reconstitution accompanied with improved virus control were observed. Today, our proposed concept of non-specific immunotherapy for the management of chronic viral infections is at the top of priorities for the development of a new generation of immunotherapeutics. Finally, and within the last 3 years, we have generated a platform of novel technologies in order to identify human genes implicated in mediating the biological activities of Murabutide. This programme, supported by European Funds for Regional Development, employed differential display and microarrays technologies and resulted in the identification, cloning, and patenting of 2 new genes: one involved in autoimmunity and the other in regulating HIV replication. These findings may well constitute novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of human diseases, and will be at the center of our research activities for the next few years.

Academic Production
I. Published Papers
1. G.M. Bahr, G.J. Frayha and J.J. Hajjar. Mechanism of cholesterol absorption by the hydatid cyst Echinococcus granulosus (cestoda). Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 1979, 62, 485-489.
2. F.Z. Modabber and G. Bahr. Binding of antigen-enzyme complexes by antigen binding cells as an approach for immunodiagnosis. Infect. Immun., 1979, 23, 49-53.
3. G.J. Frayha, G.M. Bahr and R. Haddad. The lipids and phospholipids of hydatid protoscolices of Echinococcus granulosus (cestoda). Int. J. Parasitol., 1980, 10, 213-216.
4. G.M. Bahr and F.Z. Modabber. A simplified immunoenzyme antigen binding technique as an approach for immunodiagnosis. J. Immunol. Meth., 1980, 38, 205-216.
5. G.M. Bahr, G.A.W. Rook, E. Morena, P.M. Lydyard, F.Z. Modabber, and J.L. Stanford. Use of the ELISA to screen, for anti-thymocyte and anti-2 microglobulin antibodies in leprosy, SLE and normal controls. Immunology, 1980, 41, 865-873.
6. G.A.W. Rook, G.M. Bahr and J.L. Stanford. The relevance to the variable protective efficacy of BCG of two distinct forms of cell mediated responses to mycobacteria. Tubercle., 1981, 62, 63-68.
7. G.M. Bahr, G.A.W. Rook and J.L. Stanford. Prostaglandin dependent regulation of the in vitro proliferative response to mycobacterial antigens of peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal donors and from patients with tuberculosis or leprosy. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 1981, 45, 646-653.
8. G.M. Bahr, G.A.W. Rook, J.L. Stanford, P.M. Lydyard and A.D.M. Brycesson. The effect of delayed addition of antigen and "E" rosetting on the proliferative response to mycobacterial antigens of peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal donors or from patients with tuberculosis or leprosy. Immunoloy, 1981, 44, 585-592.
9. G.M. Bahr, G.A.W. Rook and J.L. Stanford. Inhibition of the proliferative response of peripheral blood lymphocytes to mycobacterial or fungal antigens by co-stimulation with antigens from various mycobacterial species. Immunology, 1981, 44, 593-598.
10. G.M. Bahr, F.Z. Modabber, G.A.W. Rook, M.L. Mehrotra, J.L. Stanford and L. Chedid. Absence of antibodies to muramyl dipeptide (MDP) in patients with tuberculosis or leprosy. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 1982, 47, 53-58.
11. G.M. Bahr, C. Carelli, F. Audibert, F.Z. Modabber and L. Chedid. Analysis of the antigenic relationship of various derivatives of MDP using anti-MDP antibodies. Molec. Immunol., 1982, 19, 737-745.
12. G.M. Bahr, Z. Eshhar, R. Ben-Yitzhak, F.Z. Modabber, R. Arnon, M. Sela and L. Chedid. Monoclonal antibodies to the synthetic adjuvant muramyl dipeptide : characterization of the specificity. Molec. Immunol., 1983, 20, 745-751.
13. N. Philipps, A. Paraf, G.M. Bahr and L. Chedid. Modulation of murine lymphoma growth by MDP, MDP (D-D) and cyclophosphamide. I. Inhibition of growth in vivo. Int. J. Immunopharmac., 1983, 5, 219-227.
14. L. Chedid, G.M. Bahr, F.Z. Modabber, C.A. Dinarello and S.M. Wolff. Demonstration of bacterial structure in two purified human mediators : a sleep factor and a monokine. C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris, 1983, 297, 209-212.
15. N.C. Philipps, L. Chedid, G.M. Bahr and M.L. Moras. Immunomodulation of cancer by synthetic muramyl peptides. Proc. of the 13th Intern. Cong. of Chemotherapy, K.H. Spitzy and K. Karrer, eds. The Verlag H. Egermann, Vienna, 1984, pp. 1-10.
16. N.C. Philipps, G.M. Bahr, F.Z. Modabber and L. Chedid. Modulation of the growth of murine thymoma cell lines having different Lyt-phenotypes by MDP, MDP (D-D) and Vaccin : macrophage-mediated inhibition of cell growth in vitro. Int. J. Immunopharmac., 1984, 6, 577-585.
17. A. Prouvost-Danon, G.M. Bahr, L. Chedid, M. Ekwalanga and S. Bassot. Immunoregulation of IgE and IgG antibody responses : In vivo effects of ovalbumin conjugated muramyl peptides on the anti-ovalbumin responses in mice. Int. J. Immunopharmac., 1984, 6, 425-431.
18. C. Leclerc, G.M. Bahr and L. Chedid. Marked enhancement of macrophage activation induced by synthetic MDP conjugates using monoclonal anti-MDP antibodies. Cell. Immunol., 1984, 86, 269-277.
19. G.M. Bahr, F.Z. Modabber, A. Morin, M. Terrier, A. Eyquem and L. Chedid. Regulation by muramyl dipeptide (MDP) of the lymphoproliferative responses and polyclonal activation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 1987, 57, 178-186.
20. M.T. Scott, G. Bahr, F.Z. Modabber and L. Chedid. Adjuvant requirements for protective immunization of mice using a Trypanosoma cruzi 90K cell surface glycoprotein. Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol., 1984, 74, 374-377.
21. L. Chedid, G.M. Bahr, G. Riveau and J.M. Krueger. Specific absorption with monoclonal antibodies to muramyl dipeptide (MDP) of the pyrogenic and somnogenic activities of rabbit monokine. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1984, 81, 5888-5891.
22. M. Louisa Moras, N.C. Philipps, G.M. Bahr and L. Chedid. In vitro inhibition of murine B-cell tumor growth by MDP, MDP (D-D) and vaccin is mediated by macrophages. Int. J. Immunopharmac. 1985, 7, 515-524.
23. G.M. Bahr, D. Tello and L. Chedid. Marked enhancement in vivo of adjuvant activity of muramyl dipeptide to protein antigens and to synthetic weak immunogens with monoclonal anti-muramyl dipeptide antibodies. Infect. Immun., 1985, 49, 312-319.
24. G.M. Bahr and L. Chedid. Immunological activities of muramyl peptides. Fed. Proc., 1986, 45, 2541-2544.
25. E. Telzak, S.M. Wolff, C.A. Dinarello, T. Conlon, A. Elkhoy, G.M. Bahr, J.P. Choay, A. Morin and L. Chedid. Clinical evaluation of the immunoadjuvant, murabutide, a derivative of MDP, administered with a tetanus toxoid vaccine. J. Infec. Dis., 1986, 153, 628-633.
26. G.M. Bahr, J.L. Stanford, G.A.W. Rook, R.J.W. Rees, G.J. Frayha and A.M. Abdelnour. Skin sensitization to mycobacteria amongst school children prior to a study of BCG vaccination in north Lebanon. Tubercle., 1986, 67, 197-203.
27. G.M. Bahr, J.L. Stanford, G.A.W. Rook, R.J.W. Rees, A.M. Abdelnour and G.J. Frayha. Two potential improvements to BCG and their effect on skin test reactivity in the Lebanon. Tubercle., 1986, 67, 205-218.
28. G.M. Bahr, H.A. Majeed, A.M. Yousof, L. Chedid and K. Behbehani. Detection of antibodies to muramyl dipeptide, the adjuvant moiety of streptococcal cell wall in patients with rheumatic fever. J. Infec. Dis., 1986, 154, 1012-1017.
29. G.M. Bahr, T.D. Chugh, K. Behbehani, M.A. Shaaban, M. Abdul-Aty, B. Al-Shimali, Z. Siddiqui, M. Gabriel, G.A.W. Rook and J.L. Stanford. Unexpected findings amongst the skin test responses to mycobacteria of BCG vaccinated Kuwaiti school children. Tubercle., 1987, 68, 105-112.
30. G.M. Bahr, L. Chedid and K. Behbehani. Induction, in vivo and in vitro, of macrophage membrane interleukin-1 by adjuvant-active synthetic muramyl peptides. Cell. Immunol. 1987, 97, 443-454.
31. G.M. Bahr, G.A.W. Rook, A. Shahin, J.L. Stanford, M.I. Sattar and K. Behbehani. HLA-DR-associated isotype-specific regulation of antibody levels to mycobacteria in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 1988, 72, 26-31.
32 M.S. Khatim, G.M. Bahr, K. Gumaa and K. Behbehani. Effect of recombinant IL-1 isomers on fetal and adult islet cell function and replication. Diabetes Res., 1988, 8, 25-29. 33. G.M. Bahr, G.A.W. Rook, M. Al-Saffar, J. Van Embden, J.L. Stanford and K. Behbehani. Antibody levels to mycobacteria in relation to HLA type : evidence for non HLA-linked high levels of antibody to the 65Kd heat shock protein of M. bovis in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 1988, 74, 211-215.
34. I.C. McManus, D.N.J. Lockwood, J.L. Stanford, M.A. Shaaban, M. Abdul-aty and G.M. Bahr. Recognition of a category of responders to group ii, slow-grower associated antigens amongst Kuwaiti Senior School Children using a statistical model. Tubercle., 1988, 69, 275-281.
35. R. Al-Attiyah, G.M. Bahr, O. Strannegard, L. Chedid and K. Behbehani. In vitro regulation by muramyl dipeptide of interferon production from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy volunteers. Int. J. Immunopharmac., 1988, 10, 931-938.
36. G.M. Bahr, A.M. Yousof, H. Majeed, L. Chedid and K. Behbehani. Antibodies to a streptococcal cell wall adjuvant structure persist in patients with chronic rheumatic heart disease. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol., 1989, 21, 61-66.
37. G.M. Bahr, M.A. Sattar, J.L. Stanford, M.A. Shaaban, B. Al-Shimali, Z. Siddiqui, M. Al-Saffar, A. Shahin, T.D. Chugh, G.A.W. Rook and K Behbehani. HLA-DR and tuberculin tests in rheumatoid arthritis and tuberculosis. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 1989, 48, 63-68.
38. G.M. Bahr, L-J. Eales, K.E. Nye, H.A. Majeed, A.M. Yousof, K. Behbehani and G.A.W. Rook. An association between GC (vitamin D-binding protein) alleles and susceptibility to rheumatic fever. Immunology, 1989, 67, 126-128.
39. E.R. Richens, A. Shaltout, G.M. Bahr, N. Abdella, A.K. Jayyab, M. Al-Saffar and K Behbehani. Insulin binding substances, autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes in Kuwaiti patients and their kindred. Acta diabetol. Lat., 1989, 26, 115,122.
40. G. Tsoulfa, G.A.W. Rook, G.M. Bahr, M.A. Sattar, D.B. Young, A. Mehlert, J.D. Van-Embden, D.A. Isenberg, F.C. Hay and P.M. Lydyard. Elevated IgG antibody to the mycobacterial 65KDa heat shock protein is a characteristic of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Scand. J. Immunol., 1990, 30, 517-519.
41. G.M. Bahr, A.M. Yousof, H.A. Majeed, K. Behbehani, M. Lubani, R.B. Parkeh R.A. Dwek, T.W. Rademacher, B.D. Young, A. Mehlert, J. Steele and G.A.W. Rook. Agalactosyl IgG, antibodies to heat shock proteins and acute rheumatic fever. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 1990, 49, 383-386.
42. M.A. Shaaban, A. Abdul Ati, G.M. Bahr, J.L. Stanford, D.N.J. Lockwood and I.C. McCanus. Revaccination with BCG : its effects on skin tests in Kuwaiti Senior School Children. Europ. Resp. J., 1990, 3, 187-191.
43. T.D. Chugh, G.J. Burns, H.J. Shuhaiber and G.M. Bahr. Adherence of Staphylococcus epidermidis to fibrin platelet clot in vitro mediated by lipoteichoic acid. Infect. Immun., 1990, 58, 315-319.
44. G.M. Bahr, J.L. Stanford, T.D. Chugh, M.A. Shaaban, M. Gabriel, B. Al-Shimali, Z. Siddiqui, F. Ghardani, G.A.W. Rook, A. Shahin and K. Behbehani. An investigation of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Kuwait in preparation for studies of immunotherapy with Mycobacterium vaccae. Tubercle., 1990, 71, 77-86.
45. J.L. Stanford, G.M. Bahr, G.A.W. Rook, M.A. Shaaban, T.D. Chugh, M. Gabriel, B. Al-Shimali, Z. Siddiqui, F. Ghardani, A. Shahin and K. Behbehani. Immunotherapy with Mycobacterium vaccae as an adjunct to chemotherapy in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. Tubercle., 1990, 71, 87-93.
46. T.D. Chugh, G.M. Bahr, S.A. Essa and G.H. Burns. Adherence of Staphylococcus epidermidis to pharyngeal epithelial cells mediated by lipoteichoic acid. Curr. Microbiol., 1990, 20, 343-348.
47. P.R. Hira, G.M. Bahr, H. Shweiki and K. Behbehani. An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay using an arc-5 antigen for the diagnosis of cystic hydatid disease. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit., 1990 84, 157-162.
48. J.L. Stanford, G.A.W. Rook, G.M. Bahr, Y. Dowlati, R. Ganapati, K. Ghazi Said, S. Lucas, G. Ramu, P. Torres, H. Ly and N. Anstey. Mycobacterium vaccae in immunoprophylaxis and immunotherapy of leprosy and tuberculosis. Vaccine, 1990, 8, 525-530.
49. P.R. Hira, G.M. Bahr, H.M. Shweiki and K. Behbehani. Diagnostic value of anti-Arc 5 IgG antibody and analysis of the IgG subclasses in sera of patients with cystic hydatid disease. Serodiag. Immunother. Infect. Dis., 1990, 4, 285-294.
50. G.M. Bahr, M.A. Shaaban, M. Gabriel, B. Al-Shimali, Z. Siddiqui, T.D. Chugh, F. Denath, A. Shahin, K. Behbehani, G.A.W. Rook and J.L. Stanford. Improved immunotherapy for pulmonary tuberculosis with Mycobacterium vaccae. Tubercle., 1990, 71, 256-266.
51. J.L. Stanford, G.M. Bahr, P. Byass, T. Corrah, Y. Dowlati, S. Lucas, M. Shaaban and P. Torres. A modern approach to the immunotherapy of tuberculosis. Bull. IUAT, 1990, 65, 27-29.
52. G.M. Bahr, A.M. Yousof, K. Behbehani, H.A. Majeed, S. Sakkalah, K. Souan, I. Jarrad, C. Geoffrey and J. Alouf. Antibody levels and in vitro lymphoproliferative responses to Streptococcus pyogenes erythrogenic toxin A and mitogen of patients with rheumatic fever. J. Clin. Microbiol., 1991, 29, 1789-1794.
53. H.A. Majeed, A.M. Yousof, J. Pokorny, R. Bicova, G. Bahr, K. Behbehani and J. Rotta. Human heart sarcolemmal sheath antibodies in children with non-supportive sequelae of group A streptococcal infections : a follow up study. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 1991, 50, 752-754.
54. G. Bahr, A.M. Costello, Y. Alahdab and J.L. Stanford. Epidemic tuberculosis in north Lebanon. Lancet, 1991, 337, 983-984.
55. H.A. Majeed, A.M. Yousof, J. Rotta, H. Havlickpva, G. Bahar and K. Behbehani. Group A Streptococcal strains in Kuwait : a nine year prospectie study of prevalence and associations. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J., 1992, 11, 295-300.
56. H.M. Shweiki, G.M. Bahr, M.S. Salama, K. Behbehani and P.R. Hira. Analysis of the in vitro lymphoproliferative responses and antibody levels to the Arc-5 antigen in patients with cystic hydatid disease. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol., 1992, 86, 621-629.
57. S.Z. Shapiro, G.M. Bahr and P.R. Hira. Analysis of host components in hydatid cyst fluid and immunoblot diagnosis of human Echinococcus granulosus infection. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol., 1992, 86, 503-509.
58. R. Schreck, D. Bevec, P. Dukor, P.A. Baeurele, L. Chedid and GM. Bahr. Selection of a muramyl peptide based on its lack of activation of nuclear factor-KB as a potential adjuvant for AIDS vaccines. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 1992, 90, 188-193.
59. M. Ruhl, M. Himmelspach, G.M. Bahr, F. Hammerschmid, H. Jaksche, B. Wolff, H. Aschauer, G. King Farrington, H. Probst, D. Bevec and J. Hauber. Eukaryotic initiation factor 5A is a cellular target of the human immunodeficiency virus type I Rev activation domain mediating trans-activation. J. Cell. Biol., 1993, 123, 1309-1320.
60. G.A.W Rook, P. Onyebujoh, E. Wilkins, H.M. Ly, R. Al-Attiyah, G. Bahr, T. Corrah, H. Hernandez and J.L. Stanford. A longitudinal study of percent agalactosyl IgG in tuberculosis patients receiving chemotherapy with or without immunotherapy. Immunology, 1994, 81, 149-154.
61. J. Kool, H. de Visser, H.M.Y. Gerrits-Boeye, I.S. Klasen, M-J. Melief, C.G. van Helden-Meeuwsen, L.M.C. van Lieshout, J.G.H. Ruseler-van Embden, W.B. van den Berg, G.M. Bahr and M.P. Hazenberg. Detection of intestinal flora-derived bacterial antigen complexes in splenic macrophages of rats. J. Histochem. Cytochem., 1994, 42, 1435-1441.
62. M.A. Parant, P. Pouillart, C. Le Contel, F.J. Parant, L.A. Chedid and G.M. Bahr. Selective modulation of LPS-induced lethality and cytokine production by various muramyl peptides. Infect. Immun., 1995, 63, 110-115.
63. F. Kricek, C. Ruff, M. Zunic, G. De Jong, P. Dukor and G.M. Bahr. Induction in mice of serum IgE levels after treatment with anti-mouse IgD antibodies is preceeded by differential modulation of tissue cytokine gene transcription. Europ. J. Immunol., 1995, 63, 110-115.
64. G.M. Bahr, E. Darcissac, D. Bevec, P. Dukor and L. Chedid. Immunopharmacological activities and clinical development of muramyl peptides with particular emphasis on Murabutide. Int. J. Immunopharmac., 1995, 17, 117-131.
65. M. Zunic, F. Kricek, P. Dukor, D. Bevec and G.M. Bahr. Oral administration of muramyl dipeptide (MDP) into mice modulates cytokine mRNA accumulation, cell proliferation and immunoglobulin synthesis in gut associated lymphoid tissues. Int. J. Immunopharmac., 1996, 18, 155-162.
66. G.M. Bahr, E. Darcissac, P. Pouillart and L. Chedid. Synergistic effects between recombinant IL-2 and the synthetic immunomodulator Murabutide : selective enhancement of cytokine release and potentiation of anti-tumor activity. J. IFN. cytokine Res., 1996, 16, 169-178.
67. P.R. Pouillart, F.M. Audibert, L.A. Chedid, P.L. Lefrancier and G.M. Bahr. Enhancement by muramyl peptides of the protective response of interferon- against encephalomyocarditis virus. Int. J. Immunopharmac., 1996, 18, 183-192.
68. E.C.A. Darcissac, G.M. Bahr, M.A. Parant, L.A. Chedid and G. Riveau. Selective induction of CD11a, b, c / CD18 and CD54 expression on surface of human leukocytes by muramyl peptides. Cell Immunol., 1996, 169, 294-301.
69. G.M. Bahr, P.R. Pouillart and L.A. Chedid. Enhancement, in vivo, of the antiinflammatory and antitumor activities of type I interferon by its association with the synthetic immunomodulator Murabutide. J. IFN. cytokine Res., 1996, 16, 297-306.
70. L.Y. Cohen, G.M. Bahr, E.C.A. Darcissac and M.A. Parant. Modulation in the expression of class II MHC and CD40 molecules in murine B cells by various muramyl dipeptides. Cell. Immunol., 1996, 169, 75-84.
71. E. Darcissac, G.M. Bahr, P. Pouillart, G. Riveau and M. Parant. Selective potentiation of cytokine expression in human whole blood by murabutide, a muramyl dipeptide analog. Cytokines, 1996, 8, 658-666.
72. F. Kricek, M. Zunic, C. Ruff, G. De Jong, P. Dukor and G.M. Bahr. Suppression of in vivo IgE and tissue IL-4 induction by SDZ 280.636, a synthetic muramyl dipeptide derivative. Immunopharmacology, 1997, 36, 27-39. 73. G.M. Bahr, A. Capron, J. Dewulf, S. Nagata, M. Tanaka, J.M. Bourez and Y. Mouton. Elevated serum level of Fas ligand correlates with the asymptomatic stage of human immunodeficiency virus infection . Blood, 1997, 90, 896-898.
74. E. Hermann, T. Idziorek, J.P. Kusnierz, Y. Mouton, A. Capron and G.M. Bahr. Role of nitric oxide in the regulation of lymphocyte apoptosis and HIV-1 replication. Int. J. Immunopharmacol., 1997, 19, 387-397.
75. T. Idiorek, J. Khalife, O. Billaut-Mulot, E. Hermann, M. Aumercier, Y. Mouton, A. Capron and G.M. Bahr. Recombinant human IL-16 inhibits HIV-1 replication and protects against activation-induced cell death. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 1998, 112, 84-91.
76. M. Zunic, GM. Bahr, G. Mudde, J.G. Meingassner and C. Lam. MDP (lysyl) GDP, a non-toxic muramyl dipeptide derivative, inhibits cytokine production by activated macrophages and protects mice from phorbol ester-and oxazolone-induced inflammation. J. Invest. Dermatol., 1998, 111, 77-82.
77. R.G. Efremov, F. Legret, G. Vergoten, A. Capron, G.M. Bahr and A.S. Arseniev. Molecular modeling of HIV-1 coreceptor CCR5 and exploring of conformational space of its extracellular domain in molecular dynamics simulation. J Biomol. Struct. Dyn., 1998, 16, 77-90.
78. C. Amiel, E. Darcissac, M.J. Truong, J. Dewulf, M. Loyens, Y. Mouton, A. Capron and G.M. Bahr. Interleukin-16 (IL-16) inhibits human immunodeficiency virus replication in cells from infected subjects and serum IL-16 levels drop with disease progression. J. Infect. Dis.,1999, 179, 83-91.
79. R. Efremov, M.J. Truong, E. Darcissac, J. Zeng, O. Grau, G. Vergoten, C. Debard, A. Capron and G.M. Bahr. Human chemokine receptors CCR5, CCR3 and CCR2B share common polarity motif in the first extracellular loop with other human GPCRs: implications for HIV-1 coreceptor function. Europ. J. Biochem., 1999, 263, 746-756.
80. M.J. Truong, E. Darcissac, E. Hermann, J. Dewulf, A. Capron and G.M. Bahr. Interleukin-16 inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 entry and replication in macrophages and in dendritic cells. J. Virol., 1999, 73, 7008-7013.
81. E. Hermann, E.. Darcisssac, T. Idziorek, A. Capron and G.M. Bahr. Recombinant interleukin-16 selectively modulates surface receptor expression and cytokine release in macrophages and dendritic cells. Immunology, 1999, 97, 241-248.
82. O. Billaut-Mulot, T. Idziorek, E. Ban, L. Kremer, L. Dupré, M. Loyens, G. Riveau, C. Locht, A. Capron and G.M. Bahr. Interleukin-18 modulates immune responses induced by HIV-1 Nef DNA prime/protein boost vaccine. Vaccine, 2000, 19, 95-102.
83. E.C.A. Darcissac, M.J. Truong, J. Dewulf, Y. Mouton, A. Capron and G.M. Bahr. The synthetic immunomodulator Murabutide controls HIV-1 replication at multiple levels in macrophages and dendritic cells. J. Virol., 2000, 74, 7794-7802.
84. C. Amiel, J.P. Kusnierz, Y. Mouton, G. Rook, J. Stanford, M. Singh, A. Capron, and G.M. Bahr. Cytokine analysis at the single cell level and lymphoproliferative responses to mycobacterial antigens in HIV-1 patients with successful virologic response to potent antiretrovirals. J. Clin. Immunol., 2000, 20, 458-465.
85. O. Billaut-Mulot, T. Idziorek, M. Loyens, A. Capron and G.M. Bahr. Modulation of cellular and humoral immune responses to multiepitopic HIV-1 DNA vaccine by interleukin-18 DNA immunization/viral protein boost. Vaccine, 2001, 19, 2803-2811.
V. Vidal, N. Catéran, C.J. Riendeau, H. Kornfeld, E.C.A. Darcissac, A. Capron and G.M. Bahr. Macrophage stimulation with murabutide, an HIV-suppressive muramyl peptide derivative, selectively activate extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2, C/EBP and STAT1: Role of CD14 and toll-like receptors 2 and 4. Eur. J. Immunol., 2001, 31, V. Vidal, J. Dewulf and G.M. Bahr. Enhanced maturation and functional capacity of monocyte-derived immature dendritic cells by the synthetic immunomodulator Murabutide. Immunology, 2001, 103, 479-487.
G.M. Bahr, E.C.A. Darcissac, N. Casteran, C. Amiel, C. Cocude, M.J. Truong, J. Dewulf, A. Capron and Y. Mouton. Selective regulation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected CD4 lymphocytes by a synthetic immunomodulator leads to potent virus suppression in vitro and in hu-PBL-SCID mice. J. Virol., 2001, 75 , 6941-6952.
E.C.A. Darcissac, V. Vidal, X. de la Triboniierre, Y. Mouton and G.M. Bahr. Variations in serum IL-7 and 90K/Mac-2 binding protein (Mac-2 BP) levels analysed in cohorts of HIV-1 patients and correlated with clinical changes following antiretroviral therapy. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 2001, 126 , 287-294.
O. Billaut-Mulot, C. Cocude, V. Kolesnitchenko, M.T. Truong, E.K.L. Chan, E. Hachula, X. de la Tribonniere, A. Capron, and G.M. Bahr. SS-56, a novel cellular target of autoantibody responses in Sjogren syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus. J. Clin. Invest., 2001, 108 , 861-869.
T. Goasduff, E.C.A. Darcissac, V. Vidal, A. Capron and G.M. Bahr. The transcriptional response of human macrophages to murabutide reflects a spectrum of biological effects for the synthetic immunomodulator. Clin Exp Immunol., 2002, 128, 474-482.
C. Amiel, X. De la Tribonniere, V. Vidal, E. Darcissac, Y. Mouton, and G.M. Bahr. Clinical tolerance and immunological effects after single or repeated administrations of the synthetic immunomodulator Murabutide in HIV-1-infected subjects. JAIDS, 2002, 30, 294-305.
G.M. Bahr. Non-specific immunotherapy of HIV-1 infection: potential use of the synthetic immunomodulator Murabutide. J Antimicrob Chemother., 2003, 51, 5-8. G. M. Bahr, E. Darcissac, and Y. Mouton. Dicordant effects of interleukin 2 on viral and immune parameters in HIV-1-infected monocyte-derived mature dendritic cells. Clin Exp Immunol., 2003, 132, 289-296.
G.M. Bahr, X. De la Tribonniere, E. Darcissac, F. Ajana, L. Bocket, D. Sissoko, Y. Yazdanpanah, J. Dewulf, C. Amiel, and Y. Mouton. Clinical and immunological effects of a six-week immunotherapy cycle with Murabutide in HIV-1 patients with unsuccessful long-term antiretroviral treatment. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 2003, 51, 1377-1388.
X. De la Tribonniere, Y. Mouton, V. Vidal, E. Darcissac, D. Sissoko, C. Fontier, Y. Douadi, C. Amiel, and G.M. Bahr. A phase I study of a six-week cycle of immunotherapy with Murabutide in HIV-1 patients naïve to antiretrovirals. Med. Sci. Monit., 2003, 9, 43-50.
C. Cocude, M.J. Truong, O. Billaut-Mulot, E. Darcissac, A. Capron, Y. Mouton and G.M. Bahr. A novel cellular RNA helicase, RH116, differentially regulates cell growth, programmed cell death and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication. J. Cen. Virol., 2003, 84, 3215-3225.
M-J. Truong, V. Delsart, and G.M. Bahr. Differentially expressed genes in HIV-1-infected macrophages following treatment with the virus-suppressive immunomodulator Murabutide. Virus Res. 2004, 99, 25-33.
G.M. Bahr. Immune deficiency in HIV-1 infection and novel therapeutic strategies targeting innate and adaptive responses. Exp Rev Clin Immunol. 2005, in press.

II. Book Chapters

1. G.A.W. Rook and G.M. Bahr. The relevance to man of models of mycobacterial infections in the guinea pig and mouse. In "Immunological aspects of leprosy, tuberculosis and leishmaniasis". D.P. Humber, Ed. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, Oxford, Princeton, 1981, pp. 151-159.
2 P.M. Lydyard, G. Tsoulfa, M. Sharif, M. Smith, D.B. Young, G.M. Bahr, J.D. Van-Embden, F.C. Hay, D.A. Isenberg, R.S. Gupta, J. Lamb, C.S.K. Mayanil, T. Venner and G.A.W. Rook. Antibodies to heat shock proteins in rheumatoid arthritis. In "Stress proteins in inflammation". C. Rise Evans, R. Burdon, V. Winrow, D. Blake, Eds. Richelieu Press, London, 1992, pp. 85-95.
3. E. Liehl, C. Lam, P.M. Mayer, E. Schutze, G.M. Bahr, P. Stutz and J. Hilldebrandt. SDZ MRL 953, a new cytokine inducing agent and stimulant for non specific immunity. In "Bacterial endotoxin : recognition and effector mechanisms". J. Levin, C.R. Alving, R.S. Munford and P.L. Stutz eds. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, 1993, pp. 399-412.
4. G.M. Bahr. Immune system: manipulation in vivo. In “Encyclopedia of Life Sciences“ Macmillan Reference Ltd. London, 2001, web site: www.els.net.
5. G.M. Bahr. Immune and antiviral effects of the synthetic immunomodulator Murabutide: Molecular basis and clinical development. In “Vaccine adjuvants: immunological and clinical principles”. C. Hackett and D. Harn eds. Humana Press, Totowa, 2006, in press.

Recent Patents
1. Inventors: G.M. Bahr, C. Cocude and A. Capron Title: RH116, a new DEXH Helicase, and its therapeutic applications Industrial rights : Institut Pasteur de Lille/ISTAC Filing date: May 2000
2. Inventors: G.M. Bahr, C. Cocude and A. Capron Title: A new Ro/SSA-like gene encoding a 54Kda polypeptide and its therapeutic applications Industrial rights: Institut Pasteur de Lille/ISTAC Filing date: May 2000
3. Inventors : G.M. Bahr, P. Lefrancier and L. Chedid Title : Orally active muramyl peptides for immune reconstitution and stem cell mobilization. Industrial rights : Vacsyn S.A. Filing date : April, 1995 Status : Awarded in Europe and the USA
4. Inventors : K. Thirring and G.M. Bahr Title : Substituted glycerol derivatives of muramyl peptides. Industrial rights : Sandoz Pharma Filing date : December, 1994 Status : Awarded in Europe and the USA
5. Inventors : G.M. Bahr Title : Selection of murmayl peptides for anti-HIV activity. Industrial rights : Vacsyn S.A. Filing date : October, 1994 Status : Awarded in Europe, final phase in USA
6. Inventors : L. Chedid, G.M. Bahr and P. Lefrancier Title : A new composition for human therapy characterized by the association of a muramyl peptide with a cytokine. Industrial rights : Vacsyn S.A. No and date : 1993 Status : Awarded in Europe and the USA
7. Inventors : Louis Chedid, G.M. Bahr and P. Lefrancier Title : A new composition for human therapy characterized by the association of a muramyl peptide with interferon. Industrial rights : Vacsyn S.A. Filing date : 1993 Status : Awarded in Europe and the USA.

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Added: Tue Oct 25 2005